What Are DVT and PE?
A deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot, most often forming in a deep vein of the leg, which can happen when blood flow slows during periods of immobility such as surgery and recovery. A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs if part of that clot travels to the lungs — a medical emergency. Both are uncommon but recognised risks of any surgical procedure, and every patient is individually risk-assessed before surgery.
Risk Assessment
Before surgery, your individual risk factors are reviewed, including the length and type of surgery, your mobility afterwards, your age, weight, any personal or family history of blood clots, use of the combined contraceptive pill or hormone replacement therapy, smoking, and any known clotting disorders. This assessment determines what preventive measures are put in place for you specifically.
Preventive Measures
- Compression stockings — worn during and after surgery to support blood flow in the legs
- Intermittent pneumatic compression — inflatable devices used during longer procedures to mechanically aid circulation
- Early mobilisation — gentle movement and walking as soon as it is safe to do so after surgery, rather than prolonged bed rest
- Hydration — staying well hydrated supports normal blood flow
- Blood-thinning injections — for patients assessed as higher risk, a short course of injectable anticoagulant may be prescribed after surgery
- Stopping the combined contraceptive pill or HRT — sometimes advised before major surgery, discussed individually as it needs to be balanced against other considerations
What You Can Do
- Mobilise as soon as you are safely able to after surgery, even if this just means regular short walks around the house
- Do simple ankle and calf exercises if you are resting for extended periods
- Stay well hydrated
- Wear compression stockings for the duration advised, even after you feel back to normal
- Avoid long periods of sitting still, including long car or plane journeys, in the early recovery period — see Travel After Surgery
Warning Signs
DVT — new pain, swelling, warmth or redness in one calf or leg, particularly if it feels different from the other side.
PE (a medical emergency) — sudden breathlessness, chest pain (especially worse on breathing in), a rapid heartbeat, or coughing up blood. If you experience these symptoms, seek emergency medical attention immediately by calling 999 or attending A&E — do not wait for your next follow-up appointment.